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Introduction to Nmap usage

The Nmap stands for Network Mapper. It’s a Linux command-line tool that scans a network for IP addresses and ports, as well as detects installed applications. Nmap helps network administrators to discover which systems are attached to their network, locate available ports and services, and search for vulnerabilities.

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Nmap is chosen by security professionals over other scanning methods for a variety of purposes. To begin, Nmap allows you to easily map out a network using basic commands and configurations. Easy commands such as checking whether a host is up and complex scripting are both supported by the Nmap scripting engine.

Features

Nmap also has the following features:

Ability to rapidly identify all devices on a single or multiple networks, including mobile devices, routers, servers, switches, and so on.

Nmap can look up details about a device’s operating system. It will include specific details such as operating system models, making it easier to schedule further penetration testing approaches. You can use Nmap to attack networks using existing scripts from the Nmap Scripting Engine for vulnerability scanning and security auditing.

The graphical user interface for Nmap is called Zenmap. It helps in the development of network visual mappings for improved accessibility, reporting, and monitoring.

List of Commands

Here is a list of various commands to use Nmap.

Basic Scans

The first step in network mapping is to scan the list of active devices on the network.

1. Ping scan — Scans the list of active devices on a given subnet.

2. Scan a single host — Searches for 1000 well-known ports on a single host. This is the ports that common services such as SNTP, SQL, Apache, and others use.

Stealth scan

Sending a SYN packet and processing the result is how stealth scanning is done. the port is open when SYN/ACK is received, then a TCP link can be started.

A stealth scan, on the other hand, never completes the three-way handshake, making it difficult for the target to identify the scanning device.

To perform a stealth scan, -sS command is used. stealth scanning is less aggressive and slower than other scanning types, so users may have to wait a while for a response.

Version scanning

In penetration testing, finding versions of the application is important. It makes your life easy so you can find an existing vulnerability for a certain version of the service in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exploits (CVE) database. Then, using an exploitation technique like Metasploit, you can use it to target a computer.

the ‘-sV’ command is used to run a version scan. Nmap can generate a list of services along with their respective versions. Version scans aren’t always 100 % correct, but it helps to gain access to a system.

Scanning the Operating System

Aggressive Scanning

Nmap has an aggressive mode that allows it to detect the operating system, search scripts, version, and traceroutes. To execute an offensive scan -A parameter is used.

Multiple Hosts Scanning

Nmap has the ability to scan many hosts at the same time. When you’re in charge of a large network system, this function comes in handy.

There are various approaches to scan multiple hosts

To scan all of the hosts simultaneously, write all of the IP addresses in a single row.

After that to scan all of the subnets at the same time, Use the asterisk *

Then Add commas to separate the addresses endings. Because of this there is no need to type the entire domains.

To specify a range of IP addresses, add a hyphen.

Port Scanning

Nmap’s port scanning is one of the most basic features. There are many ways to scan for ports.

To scan for a single port, add -p parameter.

-top-ports flag is used to specify the top n ports to scan.

Scanning from a File

A large number of IP addresses can be scanned by importing a file that contains the list of IP addresses.

Nmap Help

Nmap provides a built-in help command which lists all of the available flags and options. Given the large number of command-line arguments provided by Nmap, it is often useful.

nmap -h

Conclusion

In this article, we have seen various commands for easy and quick scanning of networks, ports, hosts, operating systems, and firewalls.